Active and Passive Voice // Fundamental and special rules

 

Voice

Voice is a term which is used to describe either verb is active or passive.
Example:
I am beating him.
He bought a book.
He is being beaten by me.
A book was bought by him.

Types of Voice

There are two types of voice.

    1.       Active Voice

    2.       Passive Voice

Active Voice- When an action is done by subject is called active voice.
Example:
He calls me.              
She will sing a song.        
Sita has written a letter.     
Ali was playing cricket.     
He bought a car.           

Passive Voice- When an action is done by someone else (not subject) is called passive voice.
Example:
I am called by him.              
A song will be sung by her.         
A letter has been written by Sita.    
Cricket was being played by Ali.    
A car was bought by him.         

Fundamental Rules

                     i.            Subject and object are interchanged.
Example:
She    sings   a song.
A song is sung by her.

                      ii.           
V³ is used in passive voice voice.
Example:
We play cricket.
Cricket is played by us.

                     iii.            If somebody, someone, no body, no one, none, everybody, everyone, police, public, people, judge, doctor, etc is the subject of active voice , it is removed in passive voice.
Example:
Someone has stolen my pen.
My pen has been stolen.

                     iv.            Change of Pronoun

Subject	Object
I	Me
We	Us
You	You
He	Him
She	Her
They	Them
Who	Whom

 

Normal Voice

1.    Simple Present Tense

Active Structure- Subject + v¹/v⁵ + object.
Passive Structure- Object + is/am/are +  v³ + by +subject.
Example-
Active- They play cricket.
Passive- Cricket is played by them.
Active- He writes a letter.
Passive- A letter is written by him.
Active- He does not read a book.
Passive- A book is not read by him.
Active- They do not disturb us.
Passive- We are not disturbed by them.
Active- Nobody loves you.
Passive- You are not loved.
Active- People speak English in England.
Passive- English is spoken in England.
Active- I write a letter to my beloved.
Passive- A letter is written to my beloved by me.
Active- I teach you Hindi.
Passive- You are taught Hindi by me.
Note- अगर किसी sentence में verb के बाद दो objects हो तो दोनों objects में से पहले Object को Passive Voice के Subject के रूप में प्रयोग करना अच्छा माना जाता है |

2.    Present Continuous Tense

Active Structure- Sub+ is/am/ are +v⁴ + obj.
Passive Structure- Obj + is/am/are + being + v³ + by + sub.
Active- She is reading a newspaper.
Passive- A newspaper is being read by her.
Active- I am eating a mango. 
Passive- A mango is being eaten by me.
Active- They are playing Cricket in Gandhi Maidan.
Passive- Cricket is being played in Gandhi Maidan (by them).
Active- He is doing his work.
Passive- His work is being done by him.
Active- She is not writing a letter.
Passive- A letter is not being written by her.

                                                                                3.  Present Perfect Tense

Active Structure- Sub + has/ have+ v³ + obj.
Passive Structure- Obj + has/have + been + v³ + by + sub.
Active- She has invited me.
Passive- I have been invited by her.
Active- Robert has beaten Charles. 
Passive- Charles has been beaten by Robert.
Active- We have won the match.
Passive- The match has been won (by us).
Active- I have written a letter to you.
Passive- A letter has been written to you by me.

Note- There is no passive of Present Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, Future Continuous Tense and Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

4.  Simple Past Tense

Active Structure- Sub + v² + obj.
Passive Structure- Obj + was/were + v³ + by + sub.
Active- Ram bought a car. 
Passive- A car was bought by Ram.
Active- I ate mangoes. 
Passive- Mangoes were eaten by me.
Active- The police arrested him.
Passive- He was arrested.
Active- Nobody contacted the police.
Passive- The police was not contacted.
Active- The D.M. did not announce it.
Passive- It was not announced by the D.M.

5.  Past Continuous Tense

Active Structure- Sub + was/ were + v⁴ + obj
Passive Structure- Obj + was/were + being + v³ + by + sub.
Active- I was writing a novel.
Passive- A novel was being written by me.
Active- My mother was cooking food for me.
Passive- Food was being cooked for me by my mother.
Active- The carpenter was sharpening the tools.
Passive- The tools were being sharpened by the carpenter.
Active- She was not reading a book.
Passive- A book was not being read by her.

6. Past Perfect Tense

Active Structure- Sub + had + v³ + obj
Passive Structure- Obj + had + been + v³ + by +sub
Active- You had done it.
Passive- It had been done by you.
Active- I had visited the Taj Mahal.
Passive- The Taj Mahal had been visited by me.
Active- Daniel had not done his homework.
Passive- His homework had not been done by Daniel.
Active- He had sold his horses.
Passive- His horses had been sold by him.

7.  Simple Future Tense

Active Structure- Sub + shall/will + v¹ + obj
Passive Structure- Obj + shall/will + be + v³ + by + sub
Active- I shall clean the house every Saturday.
Passive- The house will be cleaned every Saturday by me.
Active- We shall win the match.
Passive- The match will be won by us.
Active- The principal will clarify it.
Passive- It will be clarified by the principal.
Active- You will not believe it.
Passive- It will not be believed by you.

8.  Future Perfect Tense

Active Structure- Sub + shall/will + have + v³ + obj.
Passive Structure- Obj + shall/will + have +been + by + sub.
Active- He will have proposed my name.
Passive- My name will have been proposed by him.
Active- I shall not have lost the bet.
Passive- The bet will not have been lost by me.
Active- She will have learnt English. 
Passive- English will have been learnt by her.
Active- Mark will have killed the mad dog.
Passive- The mad dog will have been killed by Mark.

Special Voice

1.      Passive of Modals

Active Structure- Sub + modal verb + v¹ + obj.
Passive Structure- Obj + modal verb + be + v³ + by + sub.
Active- I can win the match.
Passive- The match can be won by me.
Active- He might not rag you.
Passive- You might not be ragged by him.
Active- You can’t believe it.
Passive- It can’t be believed by you.
Active- He may buy a car.
Passive- A car may be bought by him.
Active- I could not save the patient.
Passive- The patient could not be saved by me.
Active- You would read his trick.
Passive- His trick would be read by you.
Active- He can’t defeat me. 
Passive- I can’t be defeated by him.

2.      Passive of ‘Who’

Active- Who called me?
Passive- By whom was I called?
Active- Who invited you? 
Passive- By whom were you invited?
Active- Who will beat you?
Passive- By whom will you be beaten?
Active- Who has written this book?
Passive- By whom has this book been written?
Active- Who called you? 
Passive- By whom were you called?
Active- Who can climb up this tree?
Passive- By whom can this tree be climbed up?

3.      Passive of Yes-No Question

Active- Do you love your country?
Passive- Is your country loved by you?
Active- Are you enjoying this job?
Passive- Is this job being enjoyed by you?
Active- Are you calling me?
Passive- Am I being called by you?
Active- Will you buy a car?
Passive- Will a car be bought by me?
Active- Have you seen me?
Passive- Have I been seen by you?
Active- Do you love him?
Passive- Is he loved by you?
Active- Does he teach you? 
Passive- Are you taught by him?

4.      Passive of Wh-Question

Active- Why do you follow me? 
Passive- Why am I followed by you?
Active- Why have you bought this car? 
Passive- Why has this car been bought by you?
Active- When will you sing a song?
Passive- When will a song be sung by you?
Active- Where will he buy a car?
Passive- Where will a car be bought by him?
Active- Why have you brought this gift?
Passive- Why has this gift been brought by you?
Active- When did George beat you?
Passive- When were you beaten by you?
Active- How can you do it?
Passive- How can it be done by you?

5.       Passive of Request

Active Structure- Please/kindly + v¹ +obj.
Passive Structure- You are requested + to + v¹ + obj.
Active- Please sit down.
Passive- You are requested to sit down.
Active- Please give me a pen.
Passive- You are requested to give me a pen.
Active- Please make some room for me.
Passive- You are requested to make same room for me.
Active- Please come here.
Passive- You are requested to come here.
Active- Kindly forward this message.
Passive- You are requested to forward this message.
Active- Kindly do it at once.
Passive- You are requested to do it at once.
Active- Kindly forgive us.
Passive- You are requested to forgive us.
Active- Don’t disturb me, please.
Passive- You are requested not to disturb me.

6.      Passive of Order

Active Structure- V¹ +object
 Passive Structure- Let + object + be + v³
Active- Shut the door.
Passive- Let the door be shut.
Active- Light the lamp.
Passive- Let the lamp be lit.
Active- Switch off the bulb.
Passive- Let the bulb be switched off.
Active- Call a rickshaw. 
Passive- Let a rickshaw be called.
Active- Bring a glass of water.
Passive- Let a glass of water be brought.
Active- Clean the room.
Passive- Let the room be cleaned.
Active- Open the window.
Passive- Let the window be opened.
Active- Don’t disturb me.
Passive- Let me not be disturbed.
Active- Don’t call him.
Passive- Let him not be called.

Note- कभी-कभी order वाले sentence में intransitive verb रहता है तो ऐसे में इसका passive “You are ordered” से बनाया जाता है |
Active- Go out.
Passive- You are ordered to go out.
Active- Keep silent.
Passive- You are ordered to keep silent.
Active- Stand up.
Passive- You are ordered to stand up.
Active- Come here.
Passive- You are ordered to come here.
Active- Don’t make a noise.
Passive- You are ordered not to make a noise.
Active- Don’t cry now.
Passive- You are ordered not to cry now.

7.      Passive of Advice

Active Structure- V¹ + Object
 Passive Structure- Object+ should + be + v³
Active- Serve your parents.
Passive- Your parents should be served.
Active- Help the poor.
Passive- The poor should be helped.
Active- Obey the teacher.
Passive- The teacher should be obeyed.
Active- Love the children.
Passive- The children should be loved.
Active- Respect elders.
Passive- Elders should be respected.
Active- Read good books.
Passive- Good books should be read.
Active- Follow traffic rules.
Passive- Traffic rules should be followed.

Note- कभी-कभी advice वाले sentence में intransitive verb रहता है तो ऐसे में इसका passive “You are advised” से बनाया जाता है |
Active- Work hard.
You are advised to work hard.
Active- Study attentively.
You are advised to study attentively.
Active- Walk carefully.
You are advised to walk carefully.

8.      Passive of ‘Let’

Active Structure- Let + subject+ V¹ + object
Passive Structure-Let + object + be + v³ + by + subject
Active- Let me play cricket.
Passive- Let cricket be played by me.
Active- Let us forget our enmity.
Passive- Let our enmity be forgotten by us.
Active- Let him teach her.
Passive- Let her be taught by him.
Active- Let them win the match.
Passive- Let the match be won by them.
Active- Let me call her.
Passive- Let her be called by me.
Active- Let me do this work.
Passive- Let this work be done by me.
Active- Let him repair this mobile.
Passive- Let this mobile be repaired by him.

9.      Passive of Infinitive Verb

Active Structure- v¹ + object
Passive Structure- to + be + v³
Active- Jacob is to eat a mango.
Passive- A mango is to be eaten by Jacob.
Active- I was to teach him English.
Passive- He was to be taught English by me.
Active- Sita has to beat you.
Passive- You have to be beaten by Sita.
Active- He had to do the homework.
Passive- The homework had to be done by him.
Active- I am to call him.
Passive- He is to be called by me.
Active- Nicholas was to help Eric.
Passive- Eric was to be helped by Nicholas.
Active- She is to write a letter. 
Passive- A letter is to be written by her.
Active- I have nothing to lose.
Passive- Nothing is to be lost.
Active- There was a pen to sell.
Passive- There was a pen to be sold.
Active- There is a house to buy.
Passive- There is a house to be bought.
Active- There is no work to do here.
Passive- There is no work to be done here.
Active- There is no time to waste.
Passive- There is no time to be wasted.
Active- It is time to pay our taxes.
Passive- It is time for our taxes to be paid.
Active- It is time to start the game. 
Passive- It is time for the game to be started.
Active- It is time to write a novel.
Passive- It is time for a novel to be written.